Sindhi is an Indo-Aryan language spoken by about 30 million
people in the Pakistani province of Sindh, where it has official
status, as well as India and Singapore. In Pakistan it is spoken in
Sindh and Balochistan provinces, and in Hyderabad and Karachi,
by about 31 million people.
In 2011 there were about 1.7 million speakers of Sindhi in India in
the states of Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Delhi, Gujarat, Madhya
Pradesh, Maharashtra, Odisha, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu and Uttar
Pradesh. Other countries with Sindhi speakers include the United
Arab Emirates (102,000), Oman (25,400), Afghanistan (21,000)
and Philippines (20,000).
The main writing system is the Perso-Arabic script, which
accounts for the majority of the Sindhi literature and is the only
one currently used in Pakistan. In India, both the Perso-Arabic
script and Devanagari are used.
Sindhi first appeared in writing in the 8th century AD and a
number of different scripts have been used to write it, including
Khojki, Khudabadi, Devanagari, Gurmukhi and Perso-Arabic. In
the 19th century the Khudabadi script was used mainly by traders,
the Devanagari script was used by Pandits, the Gurmukhi script
was used by Hindu women, and the Perso-Arabic script was used
by government officials. Sindhi literature, in particular lyric poetry,
began to appear towards the end of the 15th century.
Sindhi has many dialects, and forms a dialect continuum at some
places with neighboring languages such as Saraiki and Gujarati.